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<title>Compile-time function execution</title>

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Compile-time function execution

</h1>

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In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, compile-time function execution (or compile-time function evaluation, or general constant expressions) is the ability of a <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>, that would normally compile a <a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function</a> to <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> and <a href="Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">execute</a> it at <a href="Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run time</a>, to execute the function at <a href="Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>. This is possible if the arguments to the function are known at compile time, and the function does not make any reference to or attempt to modify any global state (i.e. it is a <a href="Pure_function" title="Pure function">pure function</a>).

If the value of only some of the arguments are known, the compiler may still be able to perform some level of compile-time function execution (<a href="Partial_evaluation" title="Partial evaluation">partial evaluation</a>), possibly producing more optimized code than if no arguments were known.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

The <a href="Macro_(computer_science)#Syntactic_macros" title="Macro (computer science)">Lisp macro system</a> is an early example of the use of compile-time evaluation of user-defined functions in the same language.

The Metacode extension to C++ (Vandevoorde 2003)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> was an early experimental system to allow compile-time function evaluation (CTFE) and code injection as an improved syntax for C++ <a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a>.

In earlier versions of <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">template metaprogramming</a> is often used to compute values at compile time, such as:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>template <int N>

struct Factorial {

enum { value = N * Factorial<N - 1>::value };

};

template <>

struct Factorial<0> {

};

// Factorial<4>::value == 24

// Factorial<0>::value == 1

void Foo() {

int x = Factorial<0>::value; // == 1

int y = Factorial<4>::value; // == 24

}

</pre></div>

Using compile-time function evaluation, code used to compute the factorial would be similar to what one would write for run-time evaluation e.g. using C++11 constexpr.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <cstdio>

constexpr int Factorial(int n) { return n ? (n * Factorial(n - 1)) : 1; }

constexpr int f10 = Factorial(10);

int main() {

printf("%d\n", f10);

return 0;

}

</pre></div>

In <a href="C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, this technique is known as <a href="C%2B%2B11#constexpr_–_Generalized_constant_expressions" title="C++11">generalized constant expressions</a> (<code>constexpr</code>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a> <a href="C%2B%2B14#Relaxed_constexpr_restrictions" title="C++14">relaxes the constraints</a> on constexpr – allowing local declarations and use of conditionals and loops (the general restriction that all data required for the execution be available at compile-time remains).

Here's an example of compile-time function evaluation in C++14:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Iterative factorial at compile time.

int result = 1;

while (n > 1) {

result *= n--;

}

return result;

}

int main() {

constexpr int f4 = Factorial(4); // f4 == 24

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_functions_(C++)">Immediate functions (C++)</h3></div>

In <a href="C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>, immediate functions were introduced, and compile-time function execution was made more accessible and flexible with relaxed <code>constexpr</code> restrictions.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Iterative factorial at compile time.

consteval int Factorial(int n) {

result *= n--;

}

return result;

}

int main() {

int f4 = Factorial(4); // f4 == 24

}

</pre></div>

Since function <code>Factorial</code> is marked <code>consteval</code>, it is guaranteed to invoke at compile-time without being forced in another manifestly constant-evaluated context. Hence, the usage of immediate functions offers wide uses in metaprogramming, and compile-time checking (used in C++20 text formatting library).

Here's an example of using immediate functions in compile-time function execution:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>void you_see_this_error_because_assertion_fails() {}

consteval void cassert(bool b) {

if (!b)

you_see_this_error_because_assertion_fails();

}

consteval void test() {

cassert(x == 10); // ok

x++;

cassert(x == 11); // ok

x--;

cassert(x == 12); // fails here

}

int main() { test(); }

</pre></div>

In this example, the compilation fails because the immediate function invoked function which is not usable in constant expressions. In other words, the compilation stops after failed assertion.

The typical compilation error message would display:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>In function 'int main()':

in 'constexpr' expansion of 'cassert(x == 12)'

error: call to non-'constexpr' function 'you_see_this_error_because_assertion_fails()'

you_see_this_error_because_assertion_fails();

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~

[ ... ]

</pre></div>

Here's another example of using immediate functions as constructors which enables compile-time argument checking:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <string_view>

#include <iostream>

void you_see_this_error_because_the_message_ends_with_exclamation_point() {}

struct checked_message {

std::string_view msg;

consteval checked_message(const char* arg)

: msg(arg) {

if (msg.ends_with('!'))

you_see_this_error_because_the_message_ends_with_exclamation_point();

}

};

void send_calm_message(checked_message arg) {

std::cout << arg.msg << '\n';

}

int main() {

send_calm_message("Hello, world");

send_calm_message("Hello, world!");

}

</pre></div>

The compilation fails here with the message:

in 'constexpr' expansion of 'checked_message(((const char*)"Hello, world!"))'

error: call to non-'constexpr' function 'void you_see_this_error_because_the_message_ends_with_exclamation_point()'

you_see_this_error_because_the_message_ends_with_exclamation_point();

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~

[ ... ]

</pre></div>

Here's an example of compile-time function evaluation in the <a href="D_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="D programming language">D programming language</a>:<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-d mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0)

return 1;

return n * factorial(n - 1);

}

// computed at compile time

enum y = factorial(0); // == 1

enum x = factorial(4); // == 24

</pre></div>

This example specifies a valid D function called "factorial" which would typically be evaluated at run time. The use of <code>enum</code> tells the compiler that the initializer for the variables must be computed at compile time. Note that the arguments to the function must be able to be resolved at compile time as well.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

CTFE can be used to populate data structures at compile-time in a simple way (D version 2):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-d mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int[] genFactorials(int n) {

auto result = new int[n];

result[0] = 1;

foreach (i; 1 .. n)

result[i] = result[i - 1] * i;

return result;

}

enum factorials = genFactorials(13);

void main() {}

// 'factorials' contains at compile-time:

// [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5_040, 40_320, 362_880, 3_628_800,

// 39_916_800, 479_001_600]

</pre></div>

CTFE can be used to generate strings which are then parsed and compiled as D code in D.

Here's an example of compile-time function evaluation in the <a href="Zig_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zig programming language">Zig programming language</a>:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-zig mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>pub fn factorial(n: usize) usize {

var result = 1;

for (1..(n + 1)) |i| {

result *= i;

}

return result;

}

pub fn main() void {

const x = comptime factorial(0); // == 0

const y = comptime factorial(4); // == 24

}

</pre></div>

This example specifies a valid Zig function called "factorial" which would typically be evaluated at run time. The use of <code>comptime</code> tells the compiler that the initializer for the variables must be computed at compile time. Note that the arguments to the function must be able to be resolved at compile time as well.

Zig also support Compile-Time Parameters.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-zig mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>pub fn factorial(comptime n: usize) usize {

var result: usize = 1;

result *= i;

}

return result;

}

const x = factorial(0); // == 0

const y = factorial(4); // == 24

}

</pre></div>

CTFE can be used to create generic data structures at compile-time:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-zig mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>fn List(comptime T: type) type {

return struct {

items: []T,

len: usize,

};

}

// The generic List data structure can be instantiated by passing in a type:

var buffer: [10]i32 = undefined;

var list = List(i32){

.items = &buffer,

.len = 0,

};

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDaveed_Vandevoorde,_Edison_Design_Group2003" class="citation web cs1">Daveed Vandevoorde, Edison Design Group (April 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1471.pdf">"Reflective Metaprogramming in C++"</a> (PDF). Retrieved July 19, 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Dos_Reis_and_Bjarne_Stroustrup2010" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne Stroustrup (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/sac10-constexpr.pdf">"General Constant Expressions for System Programming Languages. SAC-2010. The 25th ACM Symposium On Applied Computing"</a> (PDF).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-programming-language.org/function.html#interpretation">D 2.0 language specification: Functions</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-programming-language.org/attribute.html#const">D 2.0 language specification: Attributes</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.11.0/#Compile-Time-Expressions">Zig 0.11.0 Language Reference: Compile-Time Expressions</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.11.0/#Compile-Time-Parameters">Zig 0.11.0 Language Reference: Compile-Time Parameters</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Compile-time_calculation">Rosettacode examples of compile-time function evaluation in various languages</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Compiler_optimizations253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Compiler optimizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic block</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peephole_optimization" title="Peephole optimization">Peephole optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_value_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Local value numbering">Local value numbering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Loop_optimization" title="Loop optimization">Loop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_vectorization" title="Automatic vectorization">Automatic vectorization</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_variable" title="Induction variable">Induction variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop fusion">Loop fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop-invariant_code_motion" title="Loop-invariant code motion">Loop-invariant code motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_inversion" title="Loop inversion">Loop inversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_interchange" title="Loop interchange">Loop interchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_nest_optimization" title="Loop nest optimization">Loop nest optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_splitting" title="Loop splitting">Loop splitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_unrolling" title="Loop unrolling">Loop unrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_unswitching" title="Loop unswitching">Loop unswitching</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_pipelining" title="Software pipelining">Software pipelining</a></li>

<li><a href="Strength_reduction" title="Strength reduction">Strength reduction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">Data-flow analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Available_expression" title="Available expression">Available expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_subexpression_elimination" title="Common subexpression elimination">Common subexpression elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_folding" title="Constant folding">Constant folding</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_store" title="Dead store">Dead store</a> elimination</li>

<li><a href="Induction_variable_recognition_and_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction variable recognition and elimination">Induction variable recognition and elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Live-variable_analysis" title="Live-variable analysis">Live-variable analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Upwards_exposed_uses" title="Upwards exposed uses">Upwards exposed uses</a></li>

<li><a href="Use-define_chain" title="Use-define chain">Use-define chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Reaching_definition" title="Reaching definition">Reaching definitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_single-assignment_form" title="Static single-assignment form">SSA</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Global_value_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Global value numbering">Global value numbering</a></li>

<li><a href="Sparse_conditional_constant_propagation" title="Sparse conditional constant propagation">Sparse conditional constant propagation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">Code generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Instruction_scheduling" title="Instruction scheduling">Instruction scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_selection" title="Instruction selection">Instruction selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_allocation" title="Register allocation">Register allocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rematerialization" title="Rematerialization">Rematerialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deforestation_(computer_science)" title="Deforestation (computer science)">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tail_call" title="Tail call">Tail-call elimination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interprocedural_optimization" title="Interprocedural optimization">Interprocedural optimization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bounds-checking_elimination" title="Bounds-checking elimination">Bounds-checking elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead-code_elimination" title="Dead-code elimination">Dead-code elimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Expression_templates" title="Expression templates">Expression templates</a></li>

<li><a href="Inline_expansion" title="Inline expansion">Inline expansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Jump_threading" title="Jump threading">Jump threading</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_evaluation" title="Partial evaluation">Partial evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Profile-guided_optimization" title="Profile-guided optimization">Profile-guided optimization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_analysis" title="Alias analysis">Alias analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Array-access_analysis" title="Array-access analysis">Array-access analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Control-flow_analysis" title="Control-flow analysis">Control-flow analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data-flow_analysis" title="Data-flow analysis">Data-flow analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependence_analysis" title="Dependence analysis">Dependence analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_analysis" title="Escape analysis">Escape analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_analysis" title="Pointer analysis">Pointer analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shape_analysis_(program_analysis)" title="Shape analysis (program analysis)">Shape analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_range_analysis" title="Value range analysis">Value range analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Compile-time_function_execution&oldid=1270109274">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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